Epidemiology of smoking among Malaysian adult males: prevalence and associated factors
Background: Three National Health and Morbidity Surveys (NHMSs) had been conducted in Malaysia in 10-year intervals from 1986–2006. Based on the latest NHMS survey in 2006, we describe the prevalence of smoking and identify the social and demographic factors associated with smoking among adult males...
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my.iium.irep.439832015-07-29T06:41:06Z http://irep.iium.edu.my/43983/ Epidemiology of smoking among Malaysian adult males: prevalence and associated factors Lim, Kuang Hock Mohd Ghazali, Sumarni Kee, Chee Cheong Lim, Kuang Lim Chan , Ying Ying Teh, Huey Chien Mohd Yusoff, Ahmad Faudzi Kaur, Gupreet Zain, Zarihah Nik Mohamed, Mohamad Haniki Salleh, Sallehuddin HA154 Statistical data RS Pharmacy and materia medica Background: Three National Health and Morbidity Surveys (NHMSs) had been conducted in Malaysia in 10-year intervals from 1986–2006. Based on the latest NHMS survey in 2006, we describe the prevalence of smoking and identify the social and demographic factors associated with smoking among adult males in Malaysia. Methods: A cross-sectional study among 15,639 Malaysian adult males aged 18 years and above was conducted using proportional to size stratified sampling method. The socio-demographic variables examined were level of education, occupation, marital status, residential area, age group and monthly household income. Results: The prevalence of smoking among adult males in Malaysia was 46.5% (95% CI: 45.5–47.4%), which was 3% lower than a decade ago. Mean age of smoking initiation was 18.3 years, and mean number of cigarettes smoked daily was 11.3. Prevalence of smoking was highest among the Malays (55.9%) and those aged 21–30 years (59.3%). Smoking was significantly associated with level of education (no education OR 2.09 95% CI (1.67–2.60), primary school OR 1.95, 95% CI (1.65–2.30), secondary school OR 1.88, 95% CI (1.63–2.11), with tertiary education as the reference group). Marital status (divorce OR 1.67, 95% CI (1.22–2.28), with married as the reference group), ethnicity (Malay, OR 2.29, 95% CI ( 1.98–2.66; Chinese OR 1.23 95% CI (1.05–1.91), Other Bumis OR 1.75, 95% CI (1.46–2.10, others OR 1.48 95% CI (1.15–1.91), with Indian as the reference group), age group (18–20 years OR 2.36, 95% CI (1.90–2.94); 20–29 years OR 3.31 , 95% CI 2.82–3.89; 31–40 years OR 2.85 , 95% CI ( 2.47–3.28); 41–50 years OR 1.93, 95% CI (1.69–2.20) ; 51–60 years OR 1.32, 95% CI (1.15–1.51), with 60 year-old and above as the reference group) and residential area (rural OR 1.12 , 95% CI ( 1.03–1.22)) urban as reference. Conclusion: The prevalence of smoking among Malaysian males remained high in spite of several population interventions over the past decade. Tobacco will likely remain a primary cause of premature mortality and morbidity in Malaysia. Continuous and more comprehensive anti-smoking policy measures are needed in order to further prevent the increasing prevalence of smoking among Malaysian men, particularly those who are younger, of Malay ethnicity, less educated, reside in rural residential area and with lower socio-economic status. Keywords: Smoking, Malaysian adult males, Prevalence, Socio-demographic factors BioMed Central 2013-01-07 Article REM application/pdf en http://irep.iium.edu.my/43983/1/Lim_KH_paper_epi_adult_Msian_smoking.pdf Lim, Kuang Hock and Mohd Ghazali, Sumarni and Kee, Chee Cheong and Lim, Kuang Lim and Chan , Ying Ying and Teh, Huey Chien and Mohd Yusoff, Ahmad Faudzi and Kaur, Gupreet and Zain, Zarihah and Nik Mohamed, Mohamad Haniki and Salleh, Sallehuddin (2013) Epidemiology of smoking among Malaysian adult males: prevalence and associated factors. BMC Public Health, 13 (8). pp. 1-10. ISSN 1471-2458 http://www.biomedcentral.com doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-8 |
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HA154 Statistical data RS Pharmacy and materia medica |
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HA154 Statistical data RS Pharmacy and materia medica Lim, Kuang Hock Mohd Ghazali, Sumarni Kee, Chee Cheong Lim, Kuang Lim Chan , Ying Ying Teh, Huey Chien Mohd Yusoff, Ahmad Faudzi Kaur, Gupreet Zain, Zarihah Nik Mohamed, Mohamad Haniki Salleh, Sallehuddin Epidemiology of smoking among Malaysian adult males: prevalence and associated factors |
| description |
Background: Three National Health and Morbidity Surveys (NHMSs) had been conducted in Malaysia in 10-year intervals from 1986–2006. Based on the latest NHMS survey in 2006, we describe the prevalence of smoking and identify the social and demographic factors associated with smoking among adult males in Malaysia.
Methods: A cross-sectional study among 15,639 Malaysian adult males aged 18 years and above was conducted using proportional to size stratified sampling method. The socio-demographic variables examined were level of education, occupation, marital status, residential area, age group and monthly household income.
Results: The prevalence of smoking among adult males in Malaysia was 46.5% (95% CI: 45.5–47.4%), which was 3% lower than a decade ago. Mean age of smoking initiation was 18.3 years, and mean number of cigarettes smoked daily was 11.3. Prevalence of smoking was highest among the Malays (55.9%) and those aged 21–30 years (59.3%). Smoking was significantly associated with level of education (no education OR 2.09 95% CI (1.67–2.60), primary school OR 1.95, 95% CI (1.65–2.30), secondary school OR 1.88, 95% CI (1.63–2.11), with tertiary education as the reference group). Marital status (divorce OR 1.67, 95% CI (1.22–2.28), with married as the reference group), ethnicity (Malay, OR 2.29, 95% CI ( 1.98–2.66; Chinese OR 1.23 95% CI (1.05–1.91), Other Bumis OR 1.75, 95% CI (1.46–2.10, others OR 1.48 95% CI (1.15–1.91), with Indian as the reference group), age group (18–20 years OR 2.36, 95% CI (1.90–2.94); 20–29 years OR 3.31 , 95% CI 2.82–3.89; 31–40 years OR 2.85 , 95% CI ( 2.47–3.28); 41–50 years OR 1.93, 95% CI (1.69–2.20) ; 51–60 years OR 1.32, 95% CI (1.15–1.51), with 60 year-old and above as the reference group) and residential area (rural OR 1.12 , 95% CI ( 1.03–1.22)) urban as reference.
Conclusion: The prevalence of smoking among Malaysian males remained high in spite of several population interventions over the past decade. Tobacco will likely remain a primary cause of premature mortality and morbidity in Malaysia. Continuous and more comprehensive anti-smoking policy measures are needed in order to further prevent the increasing prevalence of smoking among Malaysian men, particularly those who are younger, of Malay ethnicity, less educated, reside in rural residential area and with lower socio-economic status.
Keywords: Smoking, Malaysian adult males, Prevalence, Socio-demographic factors |
| format |
Article |
| author |
Lim, Kuang Hock Mohd Ghazali, Sumarni Kee, Chee Cheong Lim, Kuang Lim Chan , Ying Ying Teh, Huey Chien Mohd Yusoff, Ahmad Faudzi Kaur, Gupreet Zain, Zarihah Nik Mohamed, Mohamad Haniki Salleh, Sallehuddin |
| author_facet |
Lim, Kuang Hock Mohd Ghazali, Sumarni Kee, Chee Cheong Lim, Kuang Lim Chan , Ying Ying Teh, Huey Chien Mohd Yusoff, Ahmad Faudzi Kaur, Gupreet Zain, Zarihah Nik Mohamed, Mohamad Haniki Salleh, Sallehuddin |
| author_sort |
Lim, Kuang Hock |
| title |
Epidemiology of smoking among Malaysian adult males: prevalence and associated factors |
| title_short |
Epidemiology of smoking among Malaysian adult males: prevalence and associated factors |
| title_full |
Epidemiology of smoking among Malaysian adult males: prevalence and associated factors |
| title_fullStr |
Epidemiology of smoking among Malaysian adult males: prevalence and associated factors |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Epidemiology of smoking among Malaysian adult males: prevalence and associated factors |
| title_sort |
epidemiology of smoking among malaysian adult males: prevalence and associated factors |
| publisher |
BioMed Central |
| publishDate |
2013 |
| url |
http://irep.iium.edu.my/43983/1/Lim_KH_paper_epi_adult_Msian_smoking.pdf http://irep.iium.edu.my/43983/ http://www.biomedcentral.com |
| _version_ |
1643612485640519680 |
| score |
13.211869 |