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Aspergillus niger as an efficient biological agent for separator sludge remediation: two-level factorial design for optimal fermentation

Background. The booming palm oil industry is in line with the growing population worldwide and surge in demand. This leads to a massive generation of palm oil mill effluent (POME). POME is composed of sterilizer condensate (SC), separator sludge (SS), and hydro-cyclone wastewater (HCW). Comparativel...

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Main Authors: Thegarathah, Paveethra, Jewaratnam, Jegalakshimi, Simarani, Khanom, Elgharbawy, Amal A M
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: 2024
Subjects:
BPG113 Environmental ethics/responsibility. Sustainable living.
HD75.6 Economic development. Environmental aspects
TA164 Bioengineering
Online Access:http://irep.iium.edu.my/116876/1/Aspergillus%20niger%20as%20an%20efficient%20biological%20agent%20for%20separator%20sludge%20remediation%20two-level%20factorial%20design%20for%20optimal%20fermentation.pdf
http://irep.iium.edu.my/116876/
https://peerj.com/articles/17151/
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spelling my.iium.irep.1168762024-12-23T08:13:00Z http://irep.iium.edu.my/116876/ Aspergillus niger as an efficient biological agent for separator sludge remediation: two-level factorial design for optimal fermentation Thegarathah, Paveethra Jewaratnam, Jegalakshimi Simarani, Khanom Elgharbawy, Amal A M BPG113 Environmental ethics/responsibility. Sustainable living. HD75.6 Economic development. Environmental aspects TA164 Bioengineering Background. The booming palm oil industry is in line with the growing population worldwide and surge in demand. This leads to a massive generation of palm oil mill effluent (POME). POME is composed of sterilizer condensate (SC), separator sludge (SS), and hydro-cyclone wastewater (HCW). Comparatively, SS exhibits the highest organic content, resulting in various environmental impacts. However, past studies mainly focused on treating the final effluent. Therefore, this pioneering research investigated the optimization of pollutant removal in SS via different aspects of bioremediation, including experimental conditions, treatment efficiencies, mechanisms, and degradation pathways. Methods. A two-level factorial design was employed to optimize the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and turbidity using Aspergillus niger. Bioremediation of SS was performed through submerged fermentation (SmF) under several independent variables, including temperature (20–40 ◦C), agitation speed (100–200 RPM), fermentation duration (72–240 h), and initial sample concentration (20–100%). The characteristics of the treated SS were then compared to that of raw sludge. Results. Optimal COD and turbidity removal were achieved at 37 ◦C 100 RPM, 156 h, and 100% sludge. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed a significant effect of selective individual and interacting variables (p<0.05). The highest CODandturbidity removal were 97.43% and 95.11%, respectively, with less than 5% error from the predicted values. Remarkably, the selected optimized conditions also reduced other polluting attributes, namely, biological oxygen demand (BOD), oil and grease (OG), color, andcarboncontent.Inshort,thisstudydemonstratedtheeffectivenessofA. niger in treating SS through the application of a two-level factorial design. 2024-07-15 Article PeerReviewed application/pdf en http://irep.iium.edu.my/116876/1/Aspergillus%20niger%20as%20an%20efficient%20biological%20agent%20for%20separator%20sludge%20remediation%20two-level%20factorial%20design%20for%20optimal%20fermentation.pdf Thegarathah, Paveethra and Jewaratnam, Jegalakshimi and Simarani, Khanom and Elgharbawy, Amal A M (2024) Aspergillus niger as an efficient biological agent for separator sludge remediation: two-level factorial design for optimal fermentation. PeerJ, 12 (7). pp. 1-29. ISSN 2167-8359 https://peerj.com/articles/17151/ 10.7717/peerj.17151
institution Universiti Islam Antarabangsa Malaysia
building IIUM Library
collection Institutional Repository
continent Asia
country Malaysia
content_provider International Islamic University Malaysia
content_source IIUM Repository (IREP)
url_provider http://irep.iium.edu.my/
language English
topic BPG113 Environmental ethics/responsibility. Sustainable living.
HD75.6 Economic development. Environmental aspects
TA164 Bioengineering
spellingShingle BPG113 Environmental ethics/responsibility. Sustainable living.
HD75.6 Economic development. Environmental aspects
TA164 Bioengineering
Thegarathah, Paveethra
Jewaratnam, Jegalakshimi
Simarani, Khanom
Elgharbawy, Amal A M
Aspergillus niger as an efficient biological agent for separator sludge remediation: two-level factorial design for optimal fermentation
description Background. The booming palm oil industry is in line with the growing population worldwide and surge in demand. This leads to a massive generation of palm oil mill effluent (POME). POME is composed of sterilizer condensate (SC), separator sludge (SS), and hydro-cyclone wastewater (HCW). Comparatively, SS exhibits the highest organic content, resulting in various environmental impacts. However, past studies mainly focused on treating the final effluent. Therefore, this pioneering research investigated the optimization of pollutant removal in SS via different aspects of bioremediation, including experimental conditions, treatment efficiencies, mechanisms, and degradation pathways. Methods. A two-level factorial design was employed to optimize the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and turbidity using Aspergillus niger. Bioremediation of SS was performed through submerged fermentation (SmF) under several independent variables, including temperature (20–40 ◦C), agitation speed (100–200 RPM), fermentation duration (72–240 h), and initial sample concentration (20–100%). The characteristics of the treated SS were then compared to that of raw sludge. Results. Optimal COD and turbidity removal were achieved at 37 ◦C 100 RPM, 156 h, and 100% sludge. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed a significant effect of selective individual and interacting variables (p<0.05). The highest CODandturbidity removal were 97.43% and 95.11%, respectively, with less than 5% error from the predicted values. Remarkably, the selected optimized conditions also reduced other polluting attributes, namely, biological oxygen demand (BOD), oil and grease (OG), color, andcarboncontent.Inshort,thisstudydemonstratedtheeffectivenessofA. niger in treating SS through the application of a two-level factorial design.
format Article
author Thegarathah, Paveethra
Jewaratnam, Jegalakshimi
Simarani, Khanom
Elgharbawy, Amal A M
author_facet Thegarathah, Paveethra
Jewaratnam, Jegalakshimi
Simarani, Khanom
Elgharbawy, Amal A M
author_sort Thegarathah, Paveethra
title Aspergillus niger as an efficient biological agent for separator sludge remediation: two-level factorial design for optimal fermentation
title_short Aspergillus niger as an efficient biological agent for separator sludge remediation: two-level factorial design for optimal fermentation
title_full Aspergillus niger as an efficient biological agent for separator sludge remediation: two-level factorial design for optimal fermentation
title_fullStr Aspergillus niger as an efficient biological agent for separator sludge remediation: two-level factorial design for optimal fermentation
title_full_unstemmed Aspergillus niger as an efficient biological agent for separator sludge remediation: two-level factorial design for optimal fermentation
title_sort aspergillus niger as an efficient biological agent for separator sludge remediation: two-level factorial design for optimal fermentation
publishDate 2024
url http://irep.iium.edu.my/116876/1/Aspergillus%20niger%20as%20an%20efficient%20biological%20agent%20for%20separator%20sludge%20remediation%20two-level%20factorial%20design%20for%20optimal%20fermentation.pdf
http://irep.iium.edu.my/116876/
https://peerj.com/articles/17151/
_version_ 1819909405737484288
score 13.235796

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