Staff View: Anders Breivik’s manifesto: measuring violence indicator in anti-Islamic extremist discourse

Anders Breivik’s manifesto: measuring violence indicator in anti-Islamic extremist discourse

On July 22, 2011, Anders Breivik massacred 75 people in a bomb attack and mass shooting out of his hatred towards Islam and Muslims. His actions shocked Norway and the world. He left behind a manifesto ‘2083, A European Declaration of Independence’ which clearly indicates his imagination about...

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Main Authors:	Cabrera Cusi, Mariet Rosnaida, Abdelaziz, Berghout
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Published:	IIUM Press 2024
Subjects:	BP169 Works against Islam and the Qur'an BP171 Relation of Islam to other religions BP182 Jihad (Holy War)
Online Access:	http://irep.iium.edu.my/116769/1/116769_Anders%20Breivik%E2%80%99s%20manifesto.pdf http://irep.iium.edu.my/116769/ https://journals.iium.edu.my/jiasia/index.php/jia/article/view/1255
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spelling	my.iium.irep.1167692024-12-19T02:00:42Z http://irep.iium.edu.my/116769/ Anders Breivik’s manifesto: measuring violence indicator in anti-Islamic extremist discourse Cabrera Cusi, Mariet Rosnaida Abdelaziz, Berghout BP169 Works against Islam and the Qur'an BP171 Relation of Islam to other religions BP182 Jihad (Holy War) On July 22, 2011, Anders Breivik massacred 75 people in a bomb attack and mass shooting out of his hatred towards Islam and Muslims. His actions shocked Norway and the world. He left behind a manifesto ‘2083, A European Declaration of Independence’ which clearly indicates his imagination about Islam and Muslims and the reasons that led him to commit this mass murder. Breivik is studied extensively in the academia through the lenses of Islamophobia and terrorism; there are few studies done on the levels of violence in anti-Islamic discourse. This study uses Richard A. Nielsen’s methodology which measures numerically to which extent Muslim clerics support for violent jihad and ideology in their writings. Such algorithmic approaches that evaluate extremist Muslim discourse have been mainly applied in Western academia to show level of violence in it. This study is unique as the Nielsen’s approach is applied to anti-Islamic extremist discourse. It takes Breivik’s manifesto as a field of analysis. First, it takes as a baseline the five topics (along its exclusive and its frequent keywords) in Jihadi corpus calculated by Professor Nielsen. Second, main key-terms of Breivik’s anti-Islamic position are measured to see the level of violence according to Nielsen’s methodology. After this, both key terms are compared. Results show that Breivik’s anti-Islamic position contains more violence indicator than the jihadist position. This research will be the first to apply algorithmic approach and it will demonstrate that using extremism measure tools developed by the Western academic can be applied to anti-Islamic extremist discourse. In conclusion, if extremism measure tools are applied fairly on both Islamist thought and anti-Islamic discourse, it will not only show that both streams of discourse contain levels of violence, but anti-Muslim discourse accommodates higher levels of violence as well. This research will open the way for Muslim academics to apply algorithmic methods to counter anti-Islamic discourse. IIUM Press 2024-12-12 Article PeerReviewed application/pdf en http://irep.iium.edu.my/116769/1/116769_Anders%20Breivik%E2%80%99s%20manifesto.pdf Cabrera Cusi, Mariet Rosnaida and Abdelaziz, Berghout (2024) Anders Breivik’s manifesto: measuring violence indicator in anti-Islamic extremist discourse. Journal of Islam in Asia, 21 (Special Issue 2). pp. 115-141. E-ISSN 2289-8077 https://journals.iium.edu.my/jiasia/index.php/jia/article/view/1255 10.31436/jia.v21i2.1255
institution	Universiti Islam Antarabangsa Malaysia
building	IIUM Library
collection	Institutional Repository
continent	Asia
country	Malaysia
content_provider	International Islamic University Malaysia
content_source	IIUM Repository (IREP)
url_provider	http://irep.iium.edu.my/
language	English
topic	BP169 Works against Islam and the Qur'an BP171 Relation of Islam to other religions BP182 Jihad (Holy War)
spellingShingle	BP169 Works against Islam and the Qur'an BP171 Relation of Islam to other religions BP182 Jihad (Holy War) Cabrera Cusi, Mariet Rosnaida Abdelaziz, Berghout Anders Breivik’s manifesto: measuring violence indicator in anti-Islamic extremist discourse
description	On July 22, 2011, Anders Breivik massacred 75 people in a bomb attack and mass shooting out of his hatred towards Islam and Muslims. His actions shocked Norway and the world. He left behind a manifesto ‘2083, A European Declaration of Independence’ which clearly indicates his imagination about Islam and Muslims and the reasons that led him to commit this mass murder. Breivik is studied extensively in the academia through the lenses of Islamophobia and terrorism; there are few studies done on the levels of violence in anti-Islamic discourse. This study uses Richard A. Nielsen’s methodology which measures numerically to which extent Muslim clerics support for violent jihad and ideology in their writings. Such algorithmic approaches that evaluate extremist Muslim discourse have been mainly applied in Western academia to show level of violence in it. This study is unique as the Nielsen’s approach is applied to anti-Islamic extremist discourse. It takes Breivik’s manifesto as a field of analysis. First, it takes as a baseline the five topics (along its exclusive and its frequent keywords) in Jihadi corpus calculated by Professor Nielsen. Second, main key-terms of Breivik’s anti-Islamic position are measured to see the level of violence according to Nielsen’s methodology. After this, both key terms are compared. Results show that Breivik’s anti-Islamic position contains more violence indicator than the jihadist position. This research will be the first to apply algorithmic approach and it will demonstrate that using extremism measure tools developed by the Western academic can be applied to anti-Islamic extremist discourse. In conclusion, if extremism measure tools are applied fairly on both Islamist thought and anti-Islamic discourse, it will not only show that both streams of discourse contain levels of violence, but anti-Muslim discourse accommodates higher levels of violence as well. This research will open the way for Muslim academics to apply algorithmic methods to counter anti-Islamic discourse.
format	Article
author	Cabrera Cusi, Mariet Rosnaida Abdelaziz, Berghout
author_facet	Cabrera Cusi, Mariet Rosnaida Abdelaziz, Berghout
author_sort	Cabrera Cusi, Mariet Rosnaida
title	Anders Breivik’s manifesto: measuring violence indicator in anti-Islamic extremist discourse
title_short	Anders Breivik’s manifesto: measuring violence indicator in anti-Islamic extremist discourse
title_full	Anders Breivik’s manifesto: measuring violence indicator in anti-Islamic extremist discourse
title_fullStr	Anders Breivik’s manifesto: measuring violence indicator in anti-Islamic extremist discourse
title_full_unstemmed	Anders Breivik’s manifesto: measuring violence indicator in anti-Islamic extremist discourse
title_sort	anders breivik’s manifesto: measuring violence indicator in anti-islamic extremist discourse
publisher	IIUM Press
publishDate	2024
url	http://irep.iium.edu.my/116769/1/116769_Anders%20Breivik%E2%80%99s%20manifesto.pdf http://irep.iium.edu.my/116769/ https://journals.iium.edu.my/jiasia/index.php/jia/article/view/1255
_version_	1818833736130625536
score	13.222552

Anders Breivik’s manifesto: measuring violence indicator in anti-Islamic extremist discourse

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