Human health risk assessment of nitrate in private well waters of shallow quaternary alluvial aquifer
Excessive nitrate intake via ingestion pathway and dermal absorption exposures has adverse health impacts on human health. This study evalu- ated groundwater (GW) nitrate concentrations and health risks which focused on ingestion and dermal exposures to residents in Bachok District, Kelantan, Malays...
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English English |
| Published: |
Springer Nature
2023
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://irep.iium.edu.my/105551/7/105551_%20Human%20health%20risk%20assessment.pdf http://irep.iium.edu.my/105551/13/105551_%20Human%20health%20risk%20assessment_Scopus.pdf http://irep.iium.edu.my/105551/ https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10653-023-01671-z https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-023-01671-z |
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| Summary: | Excessive nitrate intake via ingestion pathway and dermal absorption exposures has adverse health impacts on human health. This study evalu- ated groundwater (GW) nitrate concentrations and health risks which focused on ingestion and dermal exposures to residents in Bachok District, Kelantan, Malaysia. Three hundred (300) samples of private wells were collected and it is found that the nitrate concentrations ranging between 0.11 and 64.01 mg/Land females had HQ values more than 1, respectively. It was also observed that the mean of HQderm was lesser than HQoral for males and females. The spatial distribution of HQ by interpolation method showed high nitrate concentrations (>10 mg/L NO3-N) were distributed from the centre to the southern part of the study location, which identified as an agricultural area, indicating the used of nitrogenous fertilizers as the main source of GW nitrate contamination in this area. The findings of this study are valuable for estab- lishing private well water protection measures to stop further deterioration of GW quality caused by nitrate. |
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