Discrimination and authentication of lard blending with palm oil in cosmetic soap formulations
Background: The employment of Fourier transforms infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy combined with chemometrics for determination and quantification of lard in a binary blend with palm oil in a cosmetic soap formulations. Objective: To determine and quantify lard as an adulterant in a binary blend with...
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| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English English |
| Published: |
Society of Cosmetic Scientists and Societe Francaise de Cosmetologie
2023
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://irep.iium.edu.my/104528/1/104528_Discrimination%20and%20authentication.pdf http://irep.iium.edu.my/104528/19/104528_Discrimination%20and%20authentication%20of%20lard%20blending%20with%20palm%20oil%20in%20cosmetic%20soap%20formulations_Scopus.pdf http://irep.iium.edu.my/104528/ https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ics.12854 |
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| Summary: | Background: The employment of Fourier transforms infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy combined with chemometrics for determination and quantification of lard
in a binary blend with palm oil in a cosmetic soap formulations.
Objective: To determine and quantify lard as an adulterant in a binary blend
with palm oil in a cosmetic soap formulations by FT-IR and multivariate analysis.
Methods: Fatty acids in lard, palm oil and binary blends were extracted via
liquid–liquid extraction and were subjected to FTIR spectrometry, combined
with principal component analysis (PCA) and discriminant analysis (DA) for the
classification of lard in cosmetic soap formulations via two DA models: Model
A (percentage of lard in cosmetic soap) and Model B (porcine and non-porcine
cosmetic soap). Linear regression (MLR), partial least square regression (PLS-R)
and principal components regression (PCR) were used to assess the degree of
adulteration of lard in the cosmetic soap.
Findings: The FTIR spectrum of palm oil slightly differed from that of lard at
the wavenumber range of 1453 cm−1 and 1415 cm−1 in palm oil and lard, respectively, indicating the bending vibrations of CH2 and CH3 aliphatic groups and
OH carboxyl group respectively. Both of the DA models could accurately classify
100% of cosmetic soap formulations. Nevertheless, less than 100% of verification
value was obtained when it was further used to predict the unknown cosmetic
soap sample suspected of containing lard or a different percentage of lard. The
PCA for Model A and Model B explained a similar cumulative variability (CV)
of 92.86% for the whole dataset. MLR and PCR showed the highest determination coefficient (R2) of 0.996, and the lowest relative standard error (RSE) and
mean square error (MSE), indicating that both regression models were effective
in quantifying the lard adulterant in cosmetic soap.
Conclusion: FTIR spectroscopy coupled with chemometrics with DA, PCA and
MLR or PCR can be used to analyse the presence of lard and quantify its percentage in cosmetic soap formulations |
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