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OPTIMIZATION OF GAS TRANSMISSION DESIGN

Pipelines were first built in the late 1800s to transport low-Btu coal gas through cast iron and lead pipes for street lighting. Long-distance, high-pressure pipelines began operating in the United States in 1891. Pipelines are the most common, and usually the most economic, delivery system tu tr...

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Main Author: S LIM, OLIVER MARCT
Format: Final Year Project
Language:English
Published: Universiti Teknologi Petronas 2011
Subjects:
T Technology (General)
Online Access:http://utpedia.utp.edu.my/10565/1/2011%20-%20Optimizing%20of%20gas%20transmission%20design.pdf
http://utpedia.utp.edu.my/10565/
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spelling my-utp-utpedia.105652021-07-27T15:07:05Z http://utpedia.utp.edu.my/10565/ OPTIMIZATION OF GAS TRANSMISSION DESIGN S LIM, OLIVER MARCT T Technology (General) Pipelines were first built in the late 1800s to transport low-Btu coal gas through cast iron and lead pipes for street lighting. Long-distance, high-pressure pipelines began operating in the United States in 1891. Pipelines are the most common, and usually the most economic, delivery system tu transport gas from the field tu the consumer. Pipelines are a fixed, long-term investment that can be uneconomic for smaller and more remote gas fields. The volume of gas that can be transported in a pipeline depends on two main factors, which are the pipeline operating pressure and pipe diameter. The maximum diameter of pipelines continues to increase every few years. As diameters of 48 inch become common, the industry may be approaching the practical limit to onshore pipelines. In order to handle the increasing demand, it is likely that operating pressures will increase rather than the size of the pipe. Most transmission pipelines operate at pressures of more than 60 bar, and some operate as high as 125 bar. In order to maintain a high operating pressure, compressors maintain the pressure of gas, and depending on the length of the pipeline and the topography, may be installed at intervals of 150 km to 200 km. Increasing pressure requires larger and thicker pipes, larger compressors, and higher safety standards, all of which substantially increase the capital and operating expenses of a system. The gas industry uses an interesting unit to measure pipeline costs, dollars per inch per kilometer ($/in.-km), measuring the cost of l-in. diameter per kilometer length. This cost has come down, more substantially in offshore pipes where larger diameter and longer distance pipelines are proposed. By some estimates, the cost of offshore lines has reduced from more than $100,000/in.-km to around $25,000 to $40,000/in.-km. Thus, a 400-km, 48-in. line would cost around $480 million to $770 million today, versus double that amount 20 years ago. The rising cost of steel, accounting for 45% of the cost of a typical pjpeline, has offset some of the gains in pipe construction and fabrication costs. Universiti Teknologi Petronas 2011-04 Final Year Project NonPeerReviewed application/pdf en http://utpedia.utp.edu.my/10565/1/2011%20-%20Optimizing%20of%20gas%20transmission%20design.pdf S LIM, OLIVER MARCT (2011) OPTIMIZATION OF GAS TRANSMISSION DESIGN. Universiti Teknologi Petronas. (Unpublished)
institution Universiti Teknologi Petronas
building UTP Resource Centre
collection Institutional Repository
continent Asia
country Malaysia
content_provider Universiti Teknologi Petronas
content_source UTP Electronic and Digitized Intellectual Asset
url_provider http://utpedia.utp.edu.my/
language English
topic T Technology (General)
spellingShingle T Technology (General)
S LIM, OLIVER MARCT
OPTIMIZATION OF GAS TRANSMISSION DESIGN
description Pipelines were first built in the late 1800s to transport low-Btu coal gas through cast iron and lead pipes for street lighting. Long-distance, high-pressure pipelines began operating in the United States in 1891. Pipelines are the most common, and usually the most economic, delivery system tu transport gas from the field tu the consumer. Pipelines are a fixed, long-term investment that can be uneconomic for smaller and more remote gas fields. The volume of gas that can be transported in a pipeline depends on two main factors, which are the pipeline operating pressure and pipe diameter. The maximum diameter of pipelines continues to increase every few years. As diameters of 48 inch become common, the industry may be approaching the practical limit to onshore pipelines. In order to handle the increasing demand, it is likely that operating pressures will increase rather than the size of the pipe. Most transmission pipelines operate at pressures of more than 60 bar, and some operate as high as 125 bar. In order to maintain a high operating pressure, compressors maintain the pressure of gas, and depending on the length of the pipeline and the topography, may be installed at intervals of 150 km to 200 km. Increasing pressure requires larger and thicker pipes, larger compressors, and higher safety standards, all of which substantially increase the capital and operating expenses of a system. The gas industry uses an interesting unit to measure pipeline costs, dollars per inch per kilometer ($/in.-km), measuring the cost of l-in. diameter per kilometer length. This cost has come down, more substantially in offshore pipes where larger diameter and longer distance pipelines are proposed. By some estimates, the cost of offshore lines has reduced from more than $100,000/in.-km to around $25,000 to $40,000/in.-km. Thus, a 400-km, 48-in. line would cost around $480 million to $770 million today, versus double that amount 20 years ago. The rising cost of steel, accounting for 45% of the cost of a typical pjpeline, has offset some of the gains in pipe construction and fabrication costs.
format Final Year Project
author S LIM, OLIVER MARCT
author_facet S LIM, OLIVER MARCT
author_sort S LIM, OLIVER MARCT
title OPTIMIZATION OF GAS TRANSMISSION DESIGN
title_short OPTIMIZATION OF GAS TRANSMISSION DESIGN
title_full OPTIMIZATION OF GAS TRANSMISSION DESIGN
title_fullStr OPTIMIZATION OF GAS TRANSMISSION DESIGN
title_full_unstemmed OPTIMIZATION OF GAS TRANSMISSION DESIGN
title_sort optimization of gas transmission design
publisher Universiti Teknologi Petronas
publishDate 2011
url http://utpedia.utp.edu.my/10565/1/2011%20-%20Optimizing%20of%20gas%20transmission%20design.pdf
http://utpedia.utp.edu.my/10565/
_version_ 1739831821802143744
score 13.211869

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