Cover Image

Synthesis and characterization of metal sulfates loaded palm empty fruit bunch (PEFB) for biodiesel production

Biodiesel has been globally accepted as a green substitute for diesel fuel. However, the insecurity of food raised with the application of edible sources in biodiesel production has caused much debate. The feasible alternative technique is the use of inedible and low-grade sources such as palm fatty...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Rahila Ishfaq,, Nurun Najwa Ruslan,, Nursyafreena Attan,, Suzi Salwah Jikan,, Amira Saryati Ameruddin,
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 2022
Online Access:http://journalarticle.ukm.my/19142/1/16.pdf
http://journalarticle.ukm.my/19142/
https://www.ukm.my/jsm/malay_journals/jilid51bil2_2022/KandunganJilid51Bil2_2022.html
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
id my-ukm.journal.19142
record_format eprints
spelling my-ukm.journal.191422022-08-01T03:21:19Z http://journalarticle.ukm.my/19142/ Synthesis and characterization of metal sulfates loaded palm empty fruit bunch (PEFB) for biodiesel production Rahila Ishfaq, Nurun Najwa Ruslan, Nursyafreena Attan, Suzi Salwah Jikan, Amira Saryati Ameruddin, Biodiesel has been globally accepted as a green substitute for diesel fuel. However, the insecurity of food raised with the application of edible sources in biodiesel production has caused much debate. The feasible alternative technique is the use of inedible and low-grade sources such as palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD). In this work, the production of biodiesel (FAME) from PFAD using solid acid catalysts (SACs) derived from palm empty fruit bunch (PEFB) is investigated. The SACs were synthesized through impregnation of different metal sulfate precursors, i.e. ferrous sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO4.7H2O), copper sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO4.5H2O), and magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (MgSO4.7H2O) over PEFB. SEM-EDX observations found that impregnation and then calcination resulted in attachment of sulfur (S) and improved surface porosity. FT-IR analysis showed that there were distinct interactions between metal sulfates and PEFB. XRD characterization showed that the prepared catalysts have a crystalline structure. Besides, the catalytic activity of the SACs was closely associated with their acid densities measured by the titration method. Fe-PEFB catalyst showed the highest acid density (2.44 mmol/g) among the catalysts studied. To study the effect of process parameters on FFA conversion (%), optimization of methanol: PFAD molar ratio, catalyst dosage, reaction temperature, and reaction time was conducted. Maximum FFA conversion of 89.1% was obtained over Fe-PEFB while Cu-PEFB and Mg-PEFB achieved an FFA conversion of 63 and 56.5%, respectively, under the optimum reaction conditions. Thus, the present study offers a sustainable and environmentally benign method for biodiesel production. Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 2022-02 Article PeerReviewed application/pdf en http://journalarticle.ukm.my/19142/1/16.pdf Rahila Ishfaq, and Nurun Najwa Ruslan, and Nursyafreena Attan, and Suzi Salwah Jikan, and Amira Saryati Ameruddin, (2022) Synthesis and characterization of metal sulfates loaded palm empty fruit bunch (PEFB) for biodiesel production. Sains Malaysiana, 51 (2). pp. 519-532. ISSN 0126-6039 https://www.ukm.my/jsm/malay_journals/jilid51bil2_2022/KandunganJilid51Bil2_2022.html
institution Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
building Tun Sri Lanang Library
collection Institutional Repository
continent Asia
country Malaysia
content_provider Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
content_source UKM Journal Article Repository
url_provider http://journalarticle.ukm.my/
language English
description Biodiesel has been globally accepted as a green substitute for diesel fuel. However, the insecurity of food raised with the application of edible sources in biodiesel production has caused much debate. The feasible alternative technique is the use of inedible and low-grade sources such as palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD). In this work, the production of biodiesel (FAME) from PFAD using solid acid catalysts (SACs) derived from palm empty fruit bunch (PEFB) is investigated. The SACs were synthesized through impregnation of different metal sulfate precursors, i.e. ferrous sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO4.7H2O), copper sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO4.5H2O), and magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (MgSO4.7H2O) over PEFB. SEM-EDX observations found that impregnation and then calcination resulted in attachment of sulfur (S) and improved surface porosity. FT-IR analysis showed that there were distinct interactions between metal sulfates and PEFB. XRD characterization showed that the prepared catalysts have a crystalline structure. Besides, the catalytic activity of the SACs was closely associated with their acid densities measured by the titration method. Fe-PEFB catalyst showed the highest acid density (2.44 mmol/g) among the catalysts studied. To study the effect of process parameters on FFA conversion (%), optimization of methanol: PFAD molar ratio, catalyst dosage, reaction temperature, and reaction time was conducted. Maximum FFA conversion of 89.1% was obtained over Fe-PEFB while Cu-PEFB and Mg-PEFB achieved an FFA conversion of 63 and 56.5%, respectively, under the optimum reaction conditions. Thus, the present study offers a sustainable and environmentally benign method for biodiesel production.
format Article
author Rahila Ishfaq,
Nurun Najwa Ruslan,
Nursyafreena Attan,
Suzi Salwah Jikan,
Amira Saryati Ameruddin,
spellingShingle Rahila Ishfaq,
Nurun Najwa Ruslan,
Nursyafreena Attan,
Suzi Salwah Jikan,
Amira Saryati Ameruddin,
Synthesis and characterization of metal sulfates loaded palm empty fruit bunch (PEFB) for biodiesel production
author_facet Rahila Ishfaq,
Nurun Najwa Ruslan,
Nursyafreena Attan,
Suzi Salwah Jikan,
Amira Saryati Ameruddin,
author_sort Rahila Ishfaq,
title Synthesis and characterization of metal sulfates loaded palm empty fruit bunch (PEFB) for biodiesel production
title_short Synthesis and characterization of metal sulfates loaded palm empty fruit bunch (PEFB) for biodiesel production
title_full Synthesis and characterization of metal sulfates loaded palm empty fruit bunch (PEFB) for biodiesel production
title_fullStr Synthesis and characterization of metal sulfates loaded palm empty fruit bunch (PEFB) for biodiesel production
title_full_unstemmed Synthesis and characterization of metal sulfates loaded palm empty fruit bunch (PEFB) for biodiesel production
title_sort synthesis and characterization of metal sulfates loaded palm empty fruit bunch (pefb) for biodiesel production
publisher Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
publishDate 2022
url http://journalarticle.ukm.my/19142/1/16.pdf
http://journalarticle.ukm.my/19142/
https://www.ukm.my/jsm/malay_journals/jilid51bil2_2022/KandunganJilid51Bil2_2022.html
_version_ 1740826816259555328
score 13.211869

Similar Items