Determination of volatile organic compounds pollution sources in malaysian drinking water using multivariate analysis
A field investigation was conducted at all water treatment plants throughout 11 states and Federal Territory in Peninsular Malaysia. The sampling points in this study include treatment plant operation, service reservoir outlet and auxiliary outlet point at the water pipelines. Analysis was perf...
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| Main Authors: | , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Springer International Publishing
2007
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://eprints.intimal.edu.my/316/1/1.pdf http://eprints.intimal.edu.my/316/ |
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| Summary: | A field investigation was conducted at all
water treatment plants throughout 11 states and Federal
Territory in Peninsular Malaysia. The sampling
points in this study include treatment plant operation,
service reservoir outlet and auxiliary outlet point
at the water pipelines. Analysis was performed by
solid phase micro-extraction technique with a 100μm
polydimethylsiloxane fibre using gas chromatography
with mass spectrometry detection to analyse 54
volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of different chemical
families in drinking water. The concentration of
VOCs ranged from undetectable to 230.2μg/l. Among
all of the VOCs species, chloroform has the highest
concentration and was detected in all drinking
water samples. Average concentrations of total trihalomethanes
(THMs) were almost similar among all
states which were in the range of 28.4–33.0μg/l. Apart
from THMs, other abundant compounds detected were
cis and trans-1,2-dichloroethylene, trichloroethylene,
1,2-dibromoethane, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene,
chlorobenzene, 1,4-dichlorobenzene and 1,2-dichloro-benzene. Principal component analysis (PCA) with the
aid of varimax rotation, and parallel factor analysis
(PARAFAC) method were used to statistically verify
the correlation between VOCs and the source of pollution.
The multivariate analysis pointed out that the
maintenance of auxiliary pipelines in the distribution
systems is vital as it can become significant point source
pollution to Malaysian drinking water. |
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