Subcritical water pre-treatment of palm oil waste co-digestion: physicochemical insights, energy recovery, and economic feasibility

The palm oil industry produces large amounts of empty fruit bunches (EFB) and palm oil mill effluent (POME), creating environmental challenges but offering bioenergy potential. This study assessed subcritical water (SCW) pre-treatment of EFB and its co-digestion with POME, focusing on physicochemica...

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Main Authors:	Aili Hamzah, Adila Fazliyana, Hamzah, Muhammad Hazwan, Che Man, Hasfalina, Nurulhuda, Khairudin, Ismail, Muhammad Heikal, Show, Pau Loke, Md Ali, Abd Halim
Format:	Article
Language:	en
Published:	Elsevier 2026
Subjects:	Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment Energy Engineering and Power Technology
Online Access:	http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/123707/1/123707.pdf http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/123707/ https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213138826001001
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