Green synthesis and functional evaluation of zinc oxide nanoparticles from red dragon fruit peel
Using red dragon fruit peel extract (RDPE) as a biogenic reducing and stabilizing agent, this paper presents an inexpensive, eco-friendly and simple biogenic synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs). These biogenic materials are non-hazardous, environmentally friendly, and incur minimal costs...
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | en |
| Published: |
Nature Research
2025
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/122632/1/122632.pdf http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/122632/ https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-21333-7?error=cookies_not_supported&code=46e2522b-eff0-4597-bd26-6b162a84cbf1 |
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| Summary: | Using red dragon fruit peel extract (RDPE) as a biogenic reducing and stabilizing agent, this paper presents an inexpensive, eco-friendly and simple biogenic synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs). These biogenic materials are non-hazardous, environmentally friendly, and incur minimal costs compared to chemical approaches. The successful biosynthesis of ZnONPs was confirmed using several characterization tests, including UV-Vis spectroscopy, particle size analysis, zeta potential analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction spectroscopy, Field-emission scanning electron microscopy and Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. In addition, a Taguchi experimental design was employed to optimize the synthesis conditions, resulting in nine formulations that incorporated the effects of two zinc salt precursors (acetate and nitrate). Among these, acetate-derived ZnONPs produced the desired hydrodynamic size (203.97 ± 1.53 nm) and best colloidal stability (zeta potential: − 29.4 ± 0.89 mV) with formulation AR7. The hexagonal wurtzite phase with a crystallite size of 18.00 ± 5.32 nm was verified by X-ray diffraction. FTIR spectra showed the presence of phytochemical functional groups in charge of capping and reduction. FESEM revealed unique flower-like morphology, with an average particle size of 45.85 ± 4.64 nm, proving the efficacy of AR7 as the optimal formulation. The antimicrobial activity tests revealed minimum inhibitory concentration values of 2.50–5.00 µg/mL against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans; while an IC50 of 405 µg/mL was obtained with the cytotoxicity test on 3T3-L1 cells after 24 h of incubation. These results imply that the optimal formulation of AR7, mediated from RDPE, presents excellent prospects in reducing environmental wastage for widespread biomedical applications. |
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