Fractal–fractional order mathematical modelling of co–infection dynamics of tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus with vaccination

This manuscript presents a Caputo-type fractal-fractional order model for tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus co-infection. Fundamental properties of the model are examined, including existence and uniqueness of solutions, the basic reproduction number, and Hyers–Ulam stability via fixed point theory...

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Bibliographic Details

Main Authors:	Nawaz, Rashid, Kainat, Saba, Nik Long, Nik Mohd Asri, Shah, Kamal, Abdeljawad, Thabet
Format:	Article
Language:	en
Published:	Springer Nature 2026
Subjects:	Computational Mathematics Applied Mathematics
Online Access:	http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/122417/1/122417.pdf http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/122417/ https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12190-025-02712-9?error=cookies_not_supported&code=d84ff363-72c2-4246-92e6-858f8fe751bb
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