Comparative evaluation of palm-based carotene microcapsules produced via spray drying and supercritical fluid drying and their application as a non-dairy creamer
Numerous studies have explored the encapsulation of pure carotenes, but the high cost and non-sustainability of pure carotene extracts limit their use. This study addressed these limitations by encapsulating sustainable, palm-based carotene using plant-based wall materials; modified waxy maize starc...
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| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | en |
| Published: |
Springer
2025
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/122305/1/122305.pdf http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/122305/ https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11947-025-04008-z?error=cookies_not_supported&code=71256060-9a19-4d7b-9d05-a8f05f11f321 |
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| Summary: | Numerous studies have explored the encapsulation of pure carotenes, but the high cost and non-sustainability of pure carotene extracts limit their use. This study addressed these limitations by encapsulating sustainable, palm-based carotene using plant-based wall materials; modified waxy maize starch (MS), soy protein isolate (SPI), and gum Arabic (GA) at varying oil-to-wall materials ratios (1:1.5, 1:2, 1:3). Microencapsulation was achieved using spray drying and solution-enhanced dispersion by supercritical carbon dioxide (SEDS) techniques. Among all formulations, spray-dried M-MS at a 1:3 ratio achieved the highest carotene retention and microencapsulation efficiency (51.29%), while SEDS-M-MS exhibited significantly higher microencapsulation efficiency (95.88%) but lower carotene retention. The oil-to-wall ratios significantly influenced physicochemical properties, including moisture content (1.85–3.47% for spray-dried vs. 8.22% for SEDS), water activity (0.09–0.54), and flowability (CI as low as 18.17%). Both M-MS 1:3 and SEDS-M-MS microcapsules were successfully incorporated as non-dairy creamer (NDC) in black coffee, resulting in significant improvements in pH (from 4.72 ± 0.11 to ≥ 5.02 ± 0.01) and lightness (L* from 23.56 ± 0.34 to ≥ 27.04 ± 0.87), signifying good techno-functional (acidity softening and whitening capacities) properties. Sensory evaluation revealed no significant differences (p > 0.05) in color and appearance between coffees with commercial and prepared NDCs. These results indicate that spray-dried M-MS 1:3 microcapsules offer optimal techno-functional performance, while SEDS could be a promising sustainable alternative for the production of microcapsules containing oil-soluble bioactive compounds. |
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