User interface design in mobile learning applications: Developing and evaluating a questionnaire for measuring learners' extraneous cognitive load
Mobile learning is increasingly popular due to its flexibility in timing and location. However, challenges such as small screen sizes and poor user interface design can elevate learners' cognitive load, especially extraneous cognitive load, which hinders learning. Extraneous cognitive load, ste...
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Elsevier Ltd
2025
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| author | Faudzi M.A. Cob Z.C. Ghazali M. Omar R. Sharudin S.A. |
| author2 | 35193815200 |
| author_facet | 35193815200 Faudzi M.A. Cob Z.C. Ghazali M. Omar R. Sharudin S.A. |
| author_sort | Faudzi M.A. |
| building | UNITEN Library |
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| content_provider | Universiti Tenaga Nasional |
| content_source | UNITEN Institutional Repository |
| continent | Asia |
| country | Malaysia |
| description | Mobile learning is increasingly popular due to its flexibility in timing and location. However, challenges such as small screen sizes and poor user interface design can elevate learners' cognitive load, especially extraneous cognitive load, which hinders learning. Extraneous cognitive load, stemming from user interface design complexity, must be minimized to enhance learning focus. Currently, there is no dedicated instrument for measuring extraneous cognitive load specific to mobile learning user interface design. This study aims to develop and evaluate a subjective instrument for measuring extraneous cognitive load caused by user interface design in mobile learning applications. Two sets of experiments were conducted: pretesting to establish the instrument's foundation with a small participant group, followed by pilot experiments to validate the instruments and refine experimental procedures. The NASA-TLX score was used to analyze the relationship between overall cognitive load and extraneous load across various user interface criteria. Understanding these relationships can guide user interface improvements to reduce extraneous cognitive load. Challenges encountered during pretesting and pilot experiments included participant fatigue, scale reliability issues, and incomplete data collection. To enhance reliability, adjustments were made: tasks were reduced, the scale was expanded from a 4-point to a 10-point format, and facilitators thoroughly verified data before participants concluded sessions. Creating a tool to measure how user interface design impacts users' extraneous load is important because it is the UI design, not the mobile app's content that affects extraneous load. However, general methods for measuring cognitive load may not accurately identify problems with user interface design. Therefore, an extraneous load-based method is needed. This will also eventually improve usability. ? 2024 |
| format | Article |
| id | my.uniten.dspace-36362 |
| institution | Universiti Tenaga Nasional |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| publisher | Elsevier Ltd |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | my.uniten.dspace-363622025-03-03T15:42:05Z User interface design in mobile learning applications: Developing and evaluating a questionnaire for measuring learners' extraneous cognitive load Faudzi M.A. Cob Z.C. Ghazali M. Omar R. Sharudin S.A. 35193815200 25824919900 24070212800 37012659000 57216296367 Mobile learning is increasingly popular due to its flexibility in timing and location. However, challenges such as small screen sizes and poor user interface design can elevate learners' cognitive load, especially extraneous cognitive load, which hinders learning. Extraneous cognitive load, stemming from user interface design complexity, must be minimized to enhance learning focus. Currently, there is no dedicated instrument for measuring extraneous cognitive load specific to mobile learning user interface design. This study aims to develop and evaluate a subjective instrument for measuring extraneous cognitive load caused by user interface design in mobile learning applications. Two sets of experiments were conducted: pretesting to establish the instrument's foundation with a small participant group, followed by pilot experiments to validate the instruments and refine experimental procedures. The NASA-TLX score was used to analyze the relationship between overall cognitive load and extraneous load across various user interface criteria. Understanding these relationships can guide user interface improvements to reduce extraneous cognitive load. Challenges encountered during pretesting and pilot experiments included participant fatigue, scale reliability issues, and incomplete data collection. To enhance reliability, adjustments were made: tasks were reduced, the scale was expanded from a 4-point to a 10-point format, and facilitators thoroughly verified data before participants concluded sessions. Creating a tool to measure how user interface design impacts users' extraneous load is important because it is the UI design, not the mobile app's content that affects extraneous load. However, general methods for measuring cognitive load may not accurately identify problems with user interface design. Therefore, an extraneous load-based method is needed. This will also eventually improve usability. ? 2024 Final 2025-03-03T07:42:05Z 2025-03-03T07:42:05Z 2024 Article 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e37494 2-s2.0-85204022544 https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85204022544&doi=10.1016%2fj.heliyon.2024.e37494&partnerID=40&md5=2223008689c1dde22a5ceb905e347f00 https://irepository.uniten.edu.my/handle/123456789/36362 10 18 e37494 All Open Access; Gold Open Access Elsevier Ltd Scopus |
| spellingShingle | Faudzi M.A. Cob Z.C. Ghazali M. Omar R. Sharudin S.A. User interface design in mobile learning applications: Developing and evaluating a questionnaire for measuring learners' extraneous cognitive load |
| title | User interface design in mobile learning applications: Developing and evaluating a questionnaire for measuring learners' extraneous cognitive load |
| title_full | User interface design in mobile learning applications: Developing and evaluating a questionnaire for measuring learners' extraneous cognitive load |
| title_fullStr | User interface design in mobile learning applications: Developing and evaluating a questionnaire for measuring learners' extraneous cognitive load |
| title_full_unstemmed | User interface design in mobile learning applications: Developing and evaluating a questionnaire for measuring learners' extraneous cognitive load |
| title_short | User interface design in mobile learning applications: Developing and evaluating a questionnaire for measuring learners' extraneous cognitive load |
| title_sort | user interface design in mobile learning applications: developing and evaluating a questionnaire for measuring learners' extraneous cognitive load |
| url_provider | http://dspace.uniten.edu.my/ |