Effect of nanofibril cellulose empty fruit bunch-reinforced thermoplastic polyurethane nanocomposites on tensile and dynamic mechanical properties for flexible substrates
Researchers and scientists have focused on the development and future opportunities of flexible sensors in food, environment and defense fields. In this study, we propose a flexible substrate material-based nanofibril cellulose empty fruit bunch (NEFB)-reinforced thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) ble...
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John Wiley and Sons Inc
2025
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| author | Azzra N.A. Atiqah A. Fadhlina H. Jalar A. Bakar M.A. Ismail A.G. Supian A.B.M. |
| author2 | 58785621300 |
| author_facet | 58785621300 Azzra N.A. Atiqah A. Fadhlina H. Jalar A. Bakar M.A. Ismail A.G. Supian A.B.M. |
| author_sort | Azzra N.A. |
| building | UNITEN Library |
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| content_provider | Universiti Tenaga Nasional |
| content_source | UNITEN Institutional Repository |
| continent | Asia |
| country | Malaysia |
| description | Researchers and scientists have focused on the development and future opportunities of flexible sensors in food, environment and defense fields. In this study, we propose a flexible substrate material-based nanofibril cellulose empty fruit bunch (NEFB)-reinforced thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) blend nanocomposite for flexible substrate materials. Untreated and treated nanofibril cellulose samples of empty fruit bunch (NEFB, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 wt. %) were treated with 6 wt.% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and subjected to internal Brabender mixer followed by a hot-pressing machine. The density and tensile and dynamic mechanical properties of the nanocomposites were investigated for the treated and untreated samples. Tensile properties were characterized using a Universal Testing Machine, and the fracture mechanism after post-tensile testing was determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Increasing the content of untreated NEFB/TPU improved the tensile strength compared with 6% treated NEFB/TPU blend nanocomposites. Incorporating the nanofibril cellulose of empty fruit bunch at 2% into the TPU blend nanocomposites significantly increased E?, E" and Tg compared with other formulations. Highlights: Nanocellulose derived from plants is considered a promising material for flexible substrates in electronics due to its robust mechanical properties and eco-friendliness. Malaysia's abundant empty fruit bunch (EFB) resources make it a possible source of nanocellulose, which improves the properties of polymers. The effect of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) treatment on the compatibility of EFB-derived nanocellulose with polymer matrices was investigated. The addition of nanocellulose, particularly at a concentration of 1%, significantly increases the tensile strength of thermoplastic polyurethane nanocomposites, whereas 6% NaOH treatment has no effect. Dynamic mechanical analysis reveals high storage modulus at 2% nanofibril cellulose empty fruit bunch (NEFB) and energy dissipation at 4% NEFB as well as enhanced interfacial bonding at 1% NEFB. ? 2024 Society of Plastics Engineers. |
| format | Article |
| id | my.uniten.dspace-36232 |
| institution | Universiti Tenaga Nasional |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| publisher | John Wiley and Sons Inc |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | my.uniten.dspace-362322025-03-03T15:41:38Z Effect of nanofibril cellulose empty fruit bunch-reinforced thermoplastic polyurethane nanocomposites on tensile and dynamic mechanical properties for flexible substrates Azzra N.A. Atiqah A. Fadhlina H. Jalar A. Bakar M.A. Ismail A.G. Supian A.B.M. 58785621300 55366998300 57980228500 11539926200 6701558715 36672954400 57202962691 Dynamics Fruits Hot Pressing Polyurethanes Scanning Electron Microscopy Sodium Hydroxide Density (specific gravity) Ductile fracture Dynamic mechanical analysis Dynamics Energy dissipation Flexible electronics Fracture testing Fruits Hot pressing Materials testing apparatus Nanocellulose Nanocomposites Nanofibers Polyurethanes Reinforced plastics Scanning electron microscopy Sodium hydroxide Substrates Tensile strength Biomedical devices Blend nanocomposites Empty fruit bunches Flexible substrate Nano-cellulose Nano-fibrils Nanofibril cellulose empty fruit bunch Plastic encapsulation Thermoplastic polyurethane nanocomposites Thermoplastic polyurethanes Tensile testing Researchers and scientists have focused on the development and future opportunities of flexible sensors in food, environment and defense fields. In this study, we propose a flexible substrate material-based nanofibril cellulose empty fruit bunch (NEFB)-reinforced thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) blend nanocomposite for flexible substrate materials. Untreated and treated nanofibril cellulose samples of empty fruit bunch (NEFB, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 wt. %) were treated with 6 wt.% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and subjected to internal Brabender mixer followed by a hot-pressing machine. The density and tensile and dynamic mechanical properties of the nanocomposites were investigated for the treated and untreated samples. Tensile properties were characterized using a Universal Testing Machine, and the fracture mechanism after post-tensile testing was determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Increasing the content of untreated NEFB/TPU improved the tensile strength compared with 6% treated NEFB/TPU blend nanocomposites. Incorporating the nanofibril cellulose of empty fruit bunch at 2% into the TPU blend nanocomposites significantly increased E?, E" and Tg compared with other formulations. Highlights: Nanocellulose derived from plants is considered a promising material for flexible substrates in electronics due to its robust mechanical properties and eco-friendliness. Malaysia's abundant empty fruit bunch (EFB) resources make it a possible source of nanocellulose, which improves the properties of polymers. The effect of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) treatment on the compatibility of EFB-derived nanocellulose with polymer matrices was investigated. The addition of nanocellulose, particularly at a concentration of 1%, significantly increases the tensile strength of thermoplastic polyurethane nanocomposites, whereas 6% NaOH treatment has no effect. Dynamic mechanical analysis reveals high storage modulus at 2% nanofibril cellulose empty fruit bunch (NEFB) and energy dissipation at 4% NEFB as well as enhanced interfacial bonding at 1% NEFB. ? 2024 Society of Plastics Engineers. Final 2025-03-03T07:41:38Z 2025-03-03T07:41:38Z 2024 Article 10.1002/pc.28788 2-s2.0-85199099191 https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85199099191&doi=10.1002%2fpc.28788&partnerID=40&md5=4928fbcb0937bcf1591441ee76b89995 https://irepository.uniten.edu.my/handle/123456789/36232 45 16 14633 14643 John Wiley and Sons Inc Scopus |
| spellingShingle | Dynamics Fruits Hot Pressing Polyurethanes Scanning Electron Microscopy Sodium Hydroxide Density (specific gravity) Ductile fracture Dynamic mechanical analysis Dynamics Energy dissipation Flexible electronics Fracture testing Fruits Hot pressing Materials testing apparatus Nanocellulose Nanocomposites Nanofibers Polyurethanes Reinforced plastics Scanning electron microscopy Sodium hydroxide Substrates Tensile strength Biomedical devices Blend nanocomposites Empty fruit bunches Flexible substrate Nano-cellulose Nano-fibrils Nanofibril cellulose empty fruit bunch Plastic encapsulation Thermoplastic polyurethane nanocomposites Thermoplastic polyurethanes Tensile testing Azzra N.A. Atiqah A. Fadhlina H. Jalar A. Bakar M.A. Ismail A.G. Supian A.B.M. Effect of nanofibril cellulose empty fruit bunch-reinforced thermoplastic polyurethane nanocomposites on tensile and dynamic mechanical properties for flexible substrates |
| title | Effect of nanofibril cellulose empty fruit bunch-reinforced thermoplastic polyurethane nanocomposites on tensile and dynamic mechanical properties for flexible substrates |
| title_full | Effect of nanofibril cellulose empty fruit bunch-reinforced thermoplastic polyurethane nanocomposites on tensile and dynamic mechanical properties for flexible substrates |
| title_fullStr | Effect of nanofibril cellulose empty fruit bunch-reinforced thermoplastic polyurethane nanocomposites on tensile and dynamic mechanical properties for flexible substrates |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effect of nanofibril cellulose empty fruit bunch-reinforced thermoplastic polyurethane nanocomposites on tensile and dynamic mechanical properties for flexible substrates |
| title_short | Effect of nanofibril cellulose empty fruit bunch-reinforced thermoplastic polyurethane nanocomposites on tensile and dynamic mechanical properties for flexible substrates |
| title_sort | effect of nanofibril cellulose empty fruit bunch-reinforced thermoplastic polyurethane nanocomposites on tensile and dynamic mechanical properties for flexible substrates |
| topic | Dynamics Fruits Hot Pressing Polyurethanes Scanning Electron Microscopy Sodium Hydroxide Density (specific gravity) Ductile fracture Dynamic mechanical analysis Dynamics Energy dissipation Flexible electronics Fracture testing Fruits Hot pressing Materials testing apparatus Nanocellulose Nanocomposites Nanofibers Polyurethanes Reinforced plastics Scanning electron microscopy Sodium hydroxide Substrates Tensile strength Biomedical devices Blend nanocomposites Empty fruit bunches Flexible substrate Nano-cellulose Nano-fibrils Nanofibril cellulose empty fruit bunch Plastic encapsulation Thermoplastic polyurethane nanocomposites Thermoplastic polyurethanes Tensile testing |
| url_provider | http://dspace.uniten.edu.my/ |