Artificial Intelligence in Pakistan's Cyberspace: Governance Gaps, Dual-Use Dilemmas, and Strategic Vulnerabilities
This article examines Pakistan's evolving cyber governance as a critical case of how artificial intelligence (AI) intersects with dual-use security and fragile institutional design. Despite policy commitments, Pakistan's civilian-led cyber architecture remains fragmented, under-resourced a...
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| Main Authors: | , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | en |
| Published: |
University of Defence
2025
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/51205/1/Ahmad%20Nizar%20Yaakub-article.pdf http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/51205/ https://www.obranaastrategie.cz/en/archive/volume-2025/2-2025/articles/artificial-intelligence-in-pakistan-s-cyberspace.html https://doi.org/10.3849/1802-7199.25.2025.02.3-23. |
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| Summary: | This article examines Pakistan's evolving cyber governance as a critical case of how artificial intelligence (AI) intersects with dual-use security and fragile institutional design. Despite policy commitments, Pakistan's civilian-led cyber architecture remains fragmented, under-resourced and politically volatile, resulting in dependence on military-linked expertise and donor-driven technologies. Drawing on sixteen elite interviews and policymakers, technical experts, and defence strategies, the study identifies five structural vulnerabilities: institutional fragmentation, politicised leadership, underutilised AI infrastructure, civil-military disconnects, and exposure to state-sponsored cyber threats. Framed within dual-use governance and civil-military cyber relations theories, the findings show that Pakistan's insecurity arises less from technological scarcity than from governance dysfunction. The study concludes with policy recommendations from embedding AI within a coherent national doctrine, fostering civil-military integration, and enhancing cyber resilience under the emerging logic of Fifth-Generation Warfare. |
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