Antimicrobial resistance in Malaysia : a cross-sectional study analysing trends and economic impacts.
Objective This national study assessed the economic impact of treating patients with antimicrobial resistance (AMR) pathogens within Malaysia’s Ministry of Health (MoH) hospitals. Design A cross- sectional study design and top- down costing approach, analysing Malaysian diagnosis- related grou...
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | en |
| Published: |
BMJ Publishing Group Ltd.
2025
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/47762/1/161_Antimicrobial%202025.pdf http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/47762/ https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/15/2/e091687 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2024-091687 |
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| Summary: | Objective This national study assessed the economic
impact of treating patients with antimicrobial resistance
(AMR) pathogens within Malaysia’s Ministry of Health
(MoH) hospitals.
Design A cross- sectional study design and top- down
costing approach, analysing Malaysian diagnosis- related
group (DRG) data for AMR patients admitted to MoH
hospitals from 2017 to 2020.
Setting and participants A total of 1190 cases were
identified using International Statistical Classification of
Diseases-10 version 2010 codes for AMR pathogens.
Outcome measures The study aims to estimate direct
healthcare costs for treating AMR patients. Costs per
admission were calculated based on each patient’s length
of stay (LOS). A binary logistic regression model identified
cost determinants, with significant factors (p<0.05) further
analysed using a multivariate multiple logistic regression.
ORs with 95% CIs were determined, and treatment costs
were categorised as above or below the annual national
base rate.
Results Findings showed that costs are influenced by the
volume of cases identified through DRG codes and LOS,
which averaged between 21.7 and 36.4 days. Median
admission costs for AMR patients ranged from RM12
476.28 (IQR RM 15 655.93) to RM19 295.11 (IQR RM20
200.28). Both LOS and total costs increased annually, from
RM3 711 046.10 in 2017 to RM9 700 249.08 in 2019.
Patients over 56 years old and those with severity levels II
and III were more likely exceeding the national base rate.
Conclusions These findings, explaining 9.3% of the
variance in the regression model, can inform policies to
reduce the economic burden of AMR and improve patient
outcomes, highlighting the need for a comprehensive
strategy to address this global health threat. |
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