Ice-Ice disease: An environmentally and microbiologically driven syndrome in tropical seaweed aquaculture
Seaweeds account for nearly 30% of global aquaculture production by volume, and their cultivation provides important opportunities for employment and wealth generation, particularly in rural coastal communities. Eucheumatoids (Kappaphycus and Eucheuma spp.) are tropical red algae commercially cul...
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | en |
| Published: |
John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
2025
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://umt-ir.umt.edu.my:8080/handle/123456789/21724 |
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| Summary: | Seaweeds account for nearly 30% of global aquaculture production by volume, and
their cultivation provides important opportunities for employment and wealth generation,
particularly in rural coastal communities. Eucheumatoids (Kappaphycus and
Eucheuma spp.) are tropical red algae commercially cultivated as raw material for
production of carrageenans, particularly in South-East
Asia and the Western Indian
Ocean region. Diseases and pests are major limiting factors in eucheumatoid production,
particularly a condition known as ‘ice-ice’
disease (IID). IID is characterized by
bleaching of the thallus followed by the disintegration of affected tissues, leading to
a loss of biomass and reduced carrageenan yield. IID has been associated with unfavourable
changes in environmental conditions, particularly an increase in sea water
temperature and a decrease in salinity, and infection by opportunistic or pathogenic
bacteria. However, given that no single or combined causal agents have been definitely
identified, IID may be considered a complex pathobiotic syndrome in which
multiple factors contribute to the development of disease signs. Here, we review current
knowledge of the abiotic and biotic factors associated with the development of
IID, and the strategies employed to mitigate economic losses resulting from disease
outbreaks. We discuss syndromic diseases in other marine holobionts, particularly
other red algae and corals, in relation to their similarity to IID, and suggest the application
of comprehensive and complementary methodologies, including high-throughput
sequencing and high-quality
microscopy, for enhancing our understanding of the
pathological and microbiological processes associated with IID signs. |
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