Ion exchange membrane electrodialysis for water and wastewater processing: Application of ladder-type membrane spacers to impact solution concentration and flow dynamics

Concentration polarization, which creates a thin boundary layer along the membranes in electrochemical reactors and electrodialysis-related processes, is one of the main issues. Membrane spacers provide swirling motion in the stream and distribute fuid toward the membrane, which efectively breaks th...

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Bibliographic Details

Main Authors:	Al‑Amshawee, Sajjad Khudhur Abbas, Mohd Yusri, Mohd Yunus, Dakhil, Ihsan Habib
Format:	Article
Language:	en
Published:	SPRINGER HEIDELBERG 2025
Subjects:	TP Chemical technology
Online Access:	http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/45617/1/Ion%20exchange%20membrane%20electrodialysis%20for%20water%20and%20wastewater%20processing.pdf http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/45617/ https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-27940-z
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