Kinetic analysis of extraction processes and characterization of nutrient composition, heavy metals, and caffeine content in Malaysian Guarana seeds (Paullinia cupana)
The demand for bioactive compounds derived from plants has been steadily increasing. Alongside traditional solid-liquid extraction, ultrasonic extraction has emerged as a technique to enhance the recovery of bioactive compounds. Guarana seeds grown in Malaysia may exhibit distinct nutrient profiles...
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| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | en |
| Published: |
Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
2026
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| Online Access: | http://journalarticle.ukm.my/26719/1/SMJ%206.pdf http://journalarticle.ukm.my/26719/ https://www.ukm.my/jsm/english_journals/vol55num1_2026/vol55num1_2026%201.html |
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| Summary: | The demand for bioactive compounds derived from plants has been steadily increasing. Alongside traditional solid-liquid extraction, ultrasonic extraction has emerged as a technique to enhance the recovery of bioactive compounds. Guarana seeds grown in Malaysia may exhibit distinct nutrient profiles compared to those from other regions due to environmental factors such as location, temperature, and climate. This study aims to determine the exhaustive extraction time for conventional and ultrasonic methods by evaluating the total phenolic content of guarana seeds using Peleg’s mathematical model and Solver. Additionally, proximate analysis, heavy metal analysis (via ICP-MS), and caffeine content determination (via HPLC) were performed. The results indicate that ultrasonic extraction significantly reduced extraction time (1.30 ± 0.027 h) compared to conventional extraction (35.07 ± 8.036 h) (p<0.05). Although this shorter extraction time enhances processing efficiency, it was associated with slightly lower yields of certain bioactive compounds such as caffeine. However, shorter extraction times resulted in a lower reaction rate and reduced yield. Proximate analysis showed that guarana seed extract is a poor source of protein (0.6%) but contains high moisture content (97.9%). The extract also showed low levels of ash (p<0.05) in powdery dried seed. Despite this, ultrasonic extraction was identified as the more efficient method due to its shorter extraction time and sufficient yield of bioactive compounds, supporting its use for future guarana-based applications. Overall, guarana seeds are a safe and nutrient-rich source with potential applications in the food industry for the commercial development of guarana-based products. |
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