Catalytic transesterification of waste cooking oil using Fe-modified chicken bone catalyst: characterization and optimization

Food waste, including non-reusable materials like chicken bones, forms a significant portion of solid waste. In Malaysia, approximately 540,000 tons of waste cooking oil (WCO) is discarded annually without proper treatment. Chicken bones, rich in calcium, can be utilized as a heterogeneous catalyst...

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Main Authors:	Nurul Izzati Saharuddin, Muhammad Afiq Danial Mohamed Nassir, Aina Zulaikha Muzafar Shah, Tengku Shafazila Tengku Saharuddin, Nurul Jannah Abd Rahman, Syahirah Yahya, Farah Wahida Harun
Format:	Article
Language:	en
Published:	Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 2025
Online Access:	http://journalarticle.ukm.my/25305/1/ST%2015.pdf http://journalarticle.ukm.my/25305/ https://www.ukm.my/jsm/english_journals/vol54num2_2025/contentsVol54num2_2025.html
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