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Development, validity, and reliability of Challenges and Attitudes to Practice Primary Eye Care (CAPEC) questionnaire among Malaysian private sector optometrists

Background: Primary Eye Care (PEC) is vital in preventing visual impairment, yet private sector optometrists in Malaysia face barriers that hinder its implementation. This study aimed to develop and validate the Challenges and Attitudes to Practice Primary Eye Care (CAPEC) questionnaire to assess th...

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Main Authors: Yahaya, Nurul Ain, A Rahman, Nor Azlina
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: IIUM Press, International Islamic University Malaysia 2024
Subjects:
RE Ophthalmology
RE88 Ophthalmic nursing (Including eye, ear, nose and throat combined)
Online Access:http://irep.iium.edu.my/117528/7/117528_Development%2C%20validity%2C%20and%20reliability%20of%20Challenges%20and%20Attitudes%20to%20Practice%20Primary%20Eye%20Care%20%28CAPEC%29.pdf
http://irep.iium.edu.my/117528/
https://journals.iium.edu.my/ijahs/index.php/IJAHS/article/view/977
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spelling my.iium.irep.1175282025-01-09T04:30:08Z http://irep.iium.edu.my/117528/ Development, validity, and reliability of Challenges and Attitudes to Practice Primary Eye Care (CAPEC) questionnaire among Malaysian private sector optometrists Yahaya, Nurul Ain A Rahman, Nor Azlina RE Ophthalmology RE88 Ophthalmic nursing (Including eye, ear, nose and throat combined) Background: Primary Eye Care (PEC) is vital in preventing visual impairment, yet private sector optometrists in Malaysia face barriers that hinder its implementation. This study aimed to develop and validate the Challenges and Attitudes to Practice Primary Eye Care (CAPEC) questionnaire to assess the barriers and attitudes of optometrists in the Malaysian private sector toward implementing primary eye care (PEC) services. Methods:The CAPEC questionnaire was developed based on qualitative insights and thematic analysis from initial interviews with optometrists. The instrument underwent rigorous content validation by experts using the Content Validity Index (CVI) and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) for construct validity. A pilot study tested reliability and readability, and the finalized questionnaire was distributed to a sample of private sector optometrists. Results: The validated CAPEC questionnaire consists of 34 items within four domains addressing challenges (working environment, support and recognition, self-sufficiency, and customer influence) and two domains on attitudes (motivation and sense of responsibility). Results from the pilot study confirmed the questionnaire’s reliability, with high internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha scores above 0.7 for all domains). Conclusion: The CAPEC questionnaire is a valid and reliable tool for assessing challenges and attitudes in PEC practice among optometrists. Its use may support further research and efforts to enhance PEC implementation in private optometry settings in Malaysia. IIUM Press, International Islamic University Malaysia 2024-12-27 Article PeerReviewed application/pdf en http://irep.iium.edu.my/117528/7/117528_Development%2C%20validity%2C%20and%20reliability%20of%20Challenges%20and%20Attitudes%20to%20Practice%20Primary%20Eye%20Care%20%28CAPEC%29.pdf Yahaya, Nurul Ain and A Rahman, Nor Azlina (2024) Development, validity, and reliability of Challenges and Attitudes to Practice Primary Eye Care (CAPEC) questionnaire among Malaysian private sector optometrists. International Journal of Allied Health Sciences, 8 (5). pp. 270-278. E-ISSN 2600-8491 https://journals.iium.edu.my/ijahs/index.php/IJAHS/article/view/977 10.31436/ijahs.v8i5
institution Universiti Islam Antarabangsa Malaysia
building IIUM Library
collection Institutional Repository
continent Asia
country Malaysia
content_provider International Islamic University Malaysia
content_source IIUM Repository (IREP)
url_provider http://irep.iium.edu.my/
language English
topic RE Ophthalmology
RE88 Ophthalmic nursing (Including eye, ear, nose and throat combined)
spellingShingle RE Ophthalmology
RE88 Ophthalmic nursing (Including eye, ear, nose and throat combined)
Yahaya, Nurul Ain
A Rahman, Nor Azlina
Development, validity, and reliability of Challenges and Attitudes to Practice Primary Eye Care (CAPEC) questionnaire among Malaysian private sector optometrists
description Background: Primary Eye Care (PEC) is vital in preventing visual impairment, yet private sector optometrists in Malaysia face barriers that hinder its implementation. This study aimed to develop and validate the Challenges and Attitudes to Practice Primary Eye Care (CAPEC) questionnaire to assess the barriers and attitudes of optometrists in the Malaysian private sector toward implementing primary eye care (PEC) services. Methods:The CAPEC questionnaire was developed based on qualitative insights and thematic analysis from initial interviews with optometrists. The instrument underwent rigorous content validation by experts using the Content Validity Index (CVI) and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) for construct validity. A pilot study tested reliability and readability, and the finalized questionnaire was distributed to a sample of private sector optometrists. Results: The validated CAPEC questionnaire consists of 34 items within four domains addressing challenges (working environment, support and recognition, self-sufficiency, and customer influence) and two domains on attitudes (motivation and sense of responsibility). Results from the pilot study confirmed the questionnaire’s reliability, with high internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha scores above 0.7 for all domains). Conclusion: The CAPEC questionnaire is a valid and reliable tool for assessing challenges and attitudes in PEC practice among optometrists. Its use may support further research and efforts to enhance PEC implementation in private optometry settings in Malaysia.
format Article
author Yahaya, Nurul Ain
A Rahman, Nor Azlina
author_facet Yahaya, Nurul Ain
A Rahman, Nor Azlina
author_sort Yahaya, Nurul Ain
title Development, validity, and reliability of Challenges and Attitudes to Practice Primary Eye Care (CAPEC) questionnaire among Malaysian private sector optometrists
title_short Development, validity, and reliability of Challenges and Attitudes to Practice Primary Eye Care (CAPEC) questionnaire among Malaysian private sector optometrists
title_full Development, validity, and reliability of Challenges and Attitudes to Practice Primary Eye Care (CAPEC) questionnaire among Malaysian private sector optometrists
title_fullStr Development, validity, and reliability of Challenges and Attitudes to Practice Primary Eye Care (CAPEC) questionnaire among Malaysian private sector optometrists
title_full_unstemmed Development, validity, and reliability of Challenges and Attitudes to Practice Primary Eye Care (CAPEC) questionnaire among Malaysian private sector optometrists
title_sort development, validity, and reliability of challenges and attitudes to practice primary eye care (capec) questionnaire among malaysian private sector optometrists
publisher IIUM Press, International Islamic University Malaysia
publishDate 2024
url http://irep.iium.edu.my/117528/7/117528_Development%2C%20validity%2C%20and%20reliability%20of%20Challenges%20and%20Attitudes%20to%20Practice%20Primary%20Eye%20Care%20%28CAPEC%29.pdf
http://irep.iium.edu.my/117528/
https://journals.iium.edu.my/ijahs/index.php/IJAHS/article/view/977
_version_ 1821105151383961600
score 13.239859

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